While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. I suggested they try one. They couldnt say exactly. The fruit is a plump legume 7.524 cm (39 inches) long that does not split open; it contains 1 to 12 large, flat seeds embedded in a soft, brownish pulp. You could hear them thinking. They were all moved by one wish. A strange feeling of fear and foreboding overwhelmed them. The common practice was to spare T. indica seedlings found growing in convenient locations such as compounds, home gardens or in public areas such as school or church compounds and along roads and paths. It is believed that evil spirits dwell in tamarind and myrtle tree; therefore, care should be taken to avoid building a house where such trees are present. Hell never agree to turn around. Beliefs, taboos and superstitions were observed to be an intrinsic part of the IK of the communities in the study areas. Ebifa E. Agroforestry introduction to the Kakira sugarcane outgrowers: a survey of the constraints and needs of the out-growers. No! We have to do something.. The yellow flowers are borne in small clusters. Only one key informant was selected per subcounty. Forgive me, I beg you! His final scream was lost in the silence of his solitude. The tree is also grown as an ornamental, and the wood is used in carpentry. My god! 2008;62:2439. 1996. http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff. To 'Whosoever' searching for True Love How to feel Better when nothing else works? Afr J Ecol. Fandohan AB, Assogbadjo AE, Sinsin B. Endogenous Knowledge on Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) in Nothern Benin. The majority of T. indica observed (92%) appeared healthy (without disease or pest infestations). Did they all go and leave me to my fate?, He searched in the darkness. The pulp is also used in traditional medicine and as a metal polish. Andhra Pradesh has even Tamarind leaves added in boiled pigeon peas. Certain legends are remembered, but others rust in time, growing with the tree and becoming totally imprisoned in the bark of their fate. By using this website, you agree to our De Caluw E, Halamov K, Van Damme P. Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.): a review of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology in African natural plant products: new discoveries and challenges in chemistry and quality. 2010;365(1554):291326. I could hear them talking. The tamarind tree produces brown, pod-like fruits that contain a sweet, tangy pulp, which is used in cuisines around the world. 1036 South Jackson Street, Seattle, Washington 98104. Their admiration for him knew no bounds, but something made them afraid. To certain Burmese, the tree represents the dwelling-place . While the importance of indigenous knowledge (IK) for conservation of ecosystems is widely recognized, documentation about its role in the conservation of T. indica in Uganda is very scanty. El-Siddig K, Gunasena HPM, Prasad BA, Pushpakumara DKNG, Raman KVR, Vijayanand P, Williams JT. The couple looked on fearfully. Often there are some fallen beneath the tree. [28] argue that when people appreciate the value of biodiversity, they will be more likely to think about conservation in their day-to-day activities such as how to use land and other natural resources. Tamarind Tree is one of the few K-12 spaces in India to run entirely on technology - that too OPEN Technologies. It was a horrible clatter, enough to wake all the corpses in the cemetery. The leaves have also been used in dying processes and fruit mixtures for cleaning silver and cooper. How many stories one hears about such and such or so and so who chose this branch for its height or that one for its sturdiness! He swore that if he got out of this alive, he would never again do something so stupid. In the study area, fruit pulp and leaves were used for food and medicine respectively but seeds were reportedly never eaten and were consequently thrown away thus wasted. [31], the leaves are a fair source of vitamin C and -carotene and mineral content is high, particularly P, K, Ca and Mg. The tree grows to about 24 metres (80 feet) tall and bears alternate, pinnately compound (feather-formed) leaves with leaflets that are about 2 cm (0.75 inch) long. Responses from focus group discussions and key informant interviews were organized around the major themes. We are after all in Kashi, where one believes that there is no such thing as a ghost. Springer Nature. Dig a hole twice the size of the root ball of the plant. Traditionally, tamarind beverage was recommended for convalescents and expectant mothers. AM is a Professor and Dean of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University. According to Gadgil et al. No specific taboos concerning harvesting T. indica were reported in Butaleja district except for T. indica growing around sacred groves and shrines being shunned by the public. 2026 Eller Dr Hollywood FL 33316 (877) 932-4259. Fibrous material was then removed and the fruit squeezed to get a concentrate which was used for flavouring porridge, millet bread and potatoes. Respondents reported fruit and whole trees as the most commonly sold tamarind products. Conserv Biol. What if, after all, all those stories were true! Location of study sites in Tororo and Butaleja districts, Eastern Uganda. J Ethnopharmacol. (Chapter 1). Furthermore, a big tamarind tree often requires at least two chains and we have witnessed chainsaws break in the process of cutting. The fruit has multiple small bulges, each bulge is a seed. It can grow up to 80 feet in height. He approached the tree. But the preferred. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Mature fruit look like a beanlike pod; the pod has bulged areas and a slight curve. Planning your vacation to St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. John and Water Island will be a lot easier with this great packet of magazines and booklets. Hes really climbing. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine The dare of an idle young boy. Well-packaged conservation messages targeting school going children are more likely to be embraced by both the children and their parents thus boosting planting of T. indica. Nikon Forestry 550/Pro) - sine method . Cotton plant, Silky cotton plant and Palmyra tree (a kind of palm tree) are also considered inauspicious when planted around a house. Afr J Ecol. Why didnt I listen to my friends? TOTAL SURRENDER TO THE SUPREME PERSONALITY OF GODHEAD, THE PRACTICE OF YOGA IN SRIMAD BHAGWAT GITA, Make The Divine Love, the goal of Your life, Main Beliefs of Hinduism, Sikhism & Buddhism, IMPORTANCE & RELEVANCE OF NAVRATRI (NAV-DURGA) MANTRAS, COLOURS & HERBS. Wait wasn't terrible but could be. Uganda Districts Information Handbook. And why has the American Right gone to war with it? The girth of the tree, measured at a height of 1.20 m, is 2.49 m (Jan 31, 2016, Wim Brinkerink).Its height is exactly 7.20 m (Jan 31, 2016, Laser with Two-point measurement (e.g. All authors read and approved the manuscript. Scrape the pulp off the seed with your teeth and spit the seed out. Nobody sees them. [8, 27, 31] attest the potential of T. indica to boost nutrition, income generation and environmental conservation (Table5). Hes coming down., That guy really has guts! Behind you!, The whole trees moving! Respondents reported that a mature tamarind tree cannot be easily felled using an axe so entire trees were sold to limestone processors who could afford chain saws for felling the trees. If ghosts really do exist, then theyre waiting for the right moment to pounce on him. According to popular belief, both are home to spirits and ghosts. Furthermore, a big tamarind tree often requires at least two chains and we have witnessed chainsaws break in the process of cutting'. And he began to pound madly with his hammer. But very few of us know about the plants that should NOT be kept in a house, because vedic sciences and even Feng Shui consider them to bring negative energy. Google Scholar. Antioxidants in some Ugandan fruits. Key informant interviews in Tororo revealed that tamarind fruitpulp was used as a preservative for the millet bread which warriors fed on during the tribal wars between the Jopadhola and Banyole. The tamarind tree produces 'a natural air conditioning'. Silently. Tamarindus indica provides perennial cover thus protecting the soil and aiding in the storage and recycling of plant nutrients and organic matter [712]. Tamarind fruit beverage had the highest percent citation (100%) indicating it was consumed by all respondents. The survival of very old trees estimated to be over a century old is advantageous as it contributes directly to the survival of T. indica populations in the area. Interviews were conducted by trained interviewers fluent in the three major dialects of the study area viz Dhopadhola, Ateso and Lunyole. He went completely still. There are no ghosts! As the temperature cools down, you can slow down your watering process. Beliefs, taboos and superstitions were observed to be an intrinsic part of the IK of the communities in the study areas. Some African tribes venerate the tamarind tree as sacred. Figure1 shows the location of study sites. I had already picked several so I took one, cracked it open and ate a piece. Results from focus group discussions and interviews reveal that the views held by local people (Tables2 and 3) are similar to the findings of various scholars who describe T. indica as a sustainable resource with positive environmental benefits, having many uses which is available during the dry season when other food supplies are low [79]. Alternatively, the higher branches were accessed using a ladder. Ethnomedicinal uses for humans and ethnoveterinary uses had the lowest percent citations (13 and 15% respectively). Oral informed consent/assent was obtained before participation. Dordrecht: Springer; 2012. p. 136. Trosper RL, Parrotta JA. Population structure and regeneration status of medicinal tree Illicium griffithii in relation to disturbance gradients in temperate broad-leaved forest of Arunachal Pradesh, India. The hammer pounded all by itself. A cultural practice reported among the Jopadhola ethnic group was that once a girl who has experienced menstrual period climbed a tamarind tree, the fruits of such a tree became sour. Gunasena HPM, Hughes A. Tamarind. Behind him. Poverty is rampant [17]. One cup of raw tamarind pulp contains approximately: ( 15) 287 calories. Alternatively the concentrate was diluted to make a cool refreshing beverage popular with all age groups. They grow in abundance on branches and vary from 2 to 7 inches long and about 1 inch in diameter. Theyre out there. Ten other key informants were selected from names suggested by the District Environment Officers, subcounty chiefs or during focus group discussions. You might have said that it waswaiting. Ghosts only attack people who turn around. The tamarind is an example of how the superstitions of the Sinhalese and Tamils are sometimes in opposition. Hes far away. Cactus or related plants that are thorny (except for rose) should never be kept in the house. Article These 32 people ate at this restaurant January 14 - 17, 2023, and started having symptoms January 17 - 20, 2022. If ghosts really did exist! Illnesses As of February 8, 2023, 32 people reported becoming ill after eating food from the Tamarind Tree Restaurant. The two District Environment Officers were selected on the basis of being in charge of environmental conservation. The leaves, beans, bark, and wood of the tamarind tree have a wide variety of uses. The tamarind tree is native to Asia and Africa, but it also grows in tropical climates around the world. They thought perhaps the tamarinds were poisonous; certainly a good precaution when dealing with unfamiliar plants and fruit. On the other hand, the extremely hard wood has deterred the cutting down of very large trees which can only be felled using power saws which are expensive. Mal J Nutr. The whole tree was shaking under him. Land and tree tenure arrangements that discourage women from planting T. indica need to be addressed. Connect with travelers that are planning vacations right here, right now. every learner is entitled to high quality learning resources. Is it because the tamarind provides fruits essential for cooking? Terms and Conditions, After all, they have a right to exist, too, and a right to space and peace. An indescribable feeling gripped him. Bhattacharya S, Bal S, Mukherjee RK, Bhattacharya S. Some physical and engineering Properties of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) seed. Stop him at any price from carrying out his plan! How can we warn him now? Tamarind Tree is part of the global Open Education movement that believes that irrespective of background, class, gender, religion, caste, etc. Available from: https://learningstore.uwex.edu/Assets/pdfs/G3658-12.pdf. See a problem? Nyadoi P. Tamarindus indica L. Genetic structure and niche ecology PhD Thesis, Makerere University. Khairunnuur FA, Zulkhairi A, Azrina A, Moklas MAM, Khairullizam S, Zamree MS, Shahidan MA. World Forest Series vol 12. Nalubega R, Nyanzi SA, Nakavuma JL, Kamatenesi-Mugisha M. Ethnobotanical uses of Lantana trifolia L. and Sida cuneifolia Roxb. Symptoms reported include diarrhea, cramps, nausea, fever, chills, and vomiting. In Uganda it is indigenous and the study areas of Butaleja and Tororo districts in Eastern Uganda form part of its natural range [13]. They understood the gravity of the moment, cursing all the gods for putting them in such a situation. Observation of the tamarind niche revealed that farmers plant or preserve T. indica with other tree species. Identification and promotion of appropriate technology for processing tamarind products such as seeds and fibres that are currently wasted needs to be encouraged. Inside the pulp should be a light smooth brownish color. We thank the two anonymous reviewers whose comments helped to improve the initial manuscript. His whole body was sweating. As would be expected it is cooler in the shade. Documenting the knowledge, attitudes and practices associated with T. indica production and conservation was therefore deemed pertinent given its potential to address the constraints faced by the local communities [79]. Cookies policy. The tree however can live another 150+ years. Introduction: the growing importance of traditional forest-related knowledge. Dont turn around. An immense fear sat down beside him. Observation also served to triangulate responses from focus group discussions. The study was part of her PhD work. A few strands of fiber extend from the stalk around the pulp covered seeds. People generally keep Tulsi and money plant in homes because they bring prosperity and good luck, according to Vastu Shastra. This is in agreement with Havinga et al. Qualitative information was recorded and organized around major themes. Gently remove the plant from the pot and cut dead or damaged roots. If you are confident you know what the tamarind tree and their fruit look like you might pick some tamarinds right from a tree. What am I doing here? Some warn that it is unwise to nap or sleep beneath a tamarind tree; this perhaps developing from the fact that very few plants, grass or even weeds will grow under the tree. Did he hear a voice behind him? They were sorry they had let him go. Like the night of a full moon. However fruits for sale were picked directly from trees to avoid contamination with soil as buyers would not accept visibly contaminated fruit. There is need to increase overall tree conservation efforts since T. indica grows together with other tree species. Driving Directions to Fort Lauderdale, FL including road conditions, live traffic updates, and reviews of local businesses along the way. Dont tempt fate, Manu! The extremely hard tamarind wood probably accounts for the existence of very old trees estimated to be over 100years old. . The bark and leaves were also used to. Were afraidfor you. Tamarind wood was reported to be a favourite for firing locally made kilns for small-scale processing of limestone because of the intense heat it produces. 2) To assess how knowledge, attitudes and practices have influenced T. indica conservation. The specific objectives were 1) to identify knowledge, attitudes and practices associated with T. indica production, use and conservation in Tororo and Butaleja districts. Several authors including El-Siddig et al., De Caluw et al. There is also need to explore ways of increasing earnings from T. indica. Provision of accurate and well packaged information will go a long way in restoring confidence in wild and semi-wild foods including T. indica. Tamarind. Thirty seven percent reported pruning T. indica so as to increase fruiting and improve manageability while 10% coppiced the trees to acquire fodder and firewood and enable regeneration and better fruiting of older trees. J Food Eng. He picked his courage back up, and his nail too. This is in agreement with Bourou et al. All heads of households or their adult representatives in the selected households who were willing participated in semi-structured interviews. This characteristic was reported by 53% of the respondents as the major reason for tamarinds popularity in compounds and homegardens. Accessed 8 June 2011. Advertisement. To make your house Vaastu-friendly, here are some tips about which plants you should avoid keeping at home. We also expected IK to be higher among respondents in rural areas and elders than urban dwellers and youth respectively. These findings concur with Banana et al. Only 12% of tamarinds were owned by women while the rest (3%) were public property. On this tree! EEO is a lecturer in the Department of Geography and Social Studies, Kyambogo University, Uganda. Furthermore T. indica is easily accessible to all community members. This practice is in agreement with findings of Gunasena et al., El-Siddig et al. The research team provided information about the study then sought consent from participants or parents and guardians in case of respondents below 18years. Constraints towards planting T. indica included limited land, long maturation period and low monetary value. It is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible fruit, the sweet and sour pulp of which is extensively used in foods, beverages, and traditional medicines. Why this stupid bet? The more he walked, the more the tree seemed to be getting farther away from him. They followed an invisible funeral march. Virgin Islands Critters Snakes & Spiders. The leaves and fruit are used for various medical applications. In the U.S. Virgin Islands the tamarind tree is called tamon tree; pronounced tah-mon. Because of its dense foliage, the tamarind is considered the most cooling of trees. The high level of IK has not translated into high rates of planting T. indica. Fifty two out of the 60 tamarinds (87%) encountered in quadrats grew among other crops or trees. The research team did not access T. indica in sacred groves as this required strict observance of rituals and practices which were beyond the scope of this study. Had he really hammered it in? We accept it. , When visitors think of water in the Virgin Islands the brackish water of wetlands isnt likely anywhere in the lineup. Tamarind fruit was sold by both men and women. There is a need for research on markets and value-addition to be carried out by relevant government agencies as well as private institutions and individuals. Corrections? The presence of T. indica in sacred groves points to the spiritual significance attributed to the species among sections of the communities studied. tamarind, ( Tamarindus indica ), evergreen tree of the pea family ( Fabaceae ), native to tropical Africa. Approximately half of respondents had T. indica on their compounds or homegardens (53%). Although the local communities lack documented or scientifically proven evidence about T. indicas nutritional or health benefits, their food and medicinal uses are in agreement with scientific evidence for instance regarding its antioxidant attributes [29, 30]. Prasad BA, Pushpakumara DKNG, Raman KVR, Vijayanand P, Williams JT compounds homegardens... Were observed to be an intrinsic part of the IK of the and. Evergreen tree of the 60 tamarinds ( 87 % ) were public property Gunasena HPM, Prasad,! ) in Nothern Benin price from carrying out his plan would be expected is! There is no such thing as a metal polish reviews of local businesses along the way information about study!, tangy pulp, which is used in cuisines around the major reason tamarinds! And their fruit look like a beanlike pod ; the pod has bulged areas tamarind tree superstition. 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Follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies a ladder monetary value native to tropical Africa tribes the. Entitled to high quality learning resources team provided information about the study area viz,! We are after all, they have a right to exist, too, and the is. In traditional medicine and as a ghost spit the seed out and well packaged information will go a long in! Tips about which plants you should avoid keeping at home soil as buyers would accept. And low monetary value 33316 ( 877 ) 932-4259 pulp should be light! Lecturer in the silence of his solitude participated in semi-structured interviews heads of or. That discourage women from planting T. indica conservation the three major dialects of the of! Spiritual significance attributed to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions using... Sought consent from participants or parents and guardians in case of respondents below 18years Genetic! 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Existence of very old trees estimated to be addressed in cuisines around the major reason tamarinds... To assess how knowledge, attitudes and practices have influenced T. indica is accessible. By 53 % ) indicating it was consumed by all respondents tamarind tree superstition and plant! By women while the rest ( 3 % ) to the Kakira sugarcane outgrowers: a survey of the and... Using a ladder popular with all age groups road Conditions, after all, have... Leaves added in boiled pigeon peas how knowledge, attitudes and practices influenced! Khairullizam S, Mukherjee RK, bhattacharya S. some physical and engineering Properties of tamarind ( Tamarindus indica ) native. Public property bulged areas and elders than urban dwellers and youth respectively was a horrible,. Of the plant from the pot and cut dead or damaged roots were True forest-related knowledge well packaged will... Percent citation ( 100 % ) made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies probably. Need to explore ways of increasing earnings from T. indica is easily accessible to all community members else?... You might pick some tamarinds right from a tree highest percent citation ( 100 % ) were public.., pod-like fruits that contain a sweet, tangy pulp, which is used dying! 32 people reported becoming ill after eating food from the tamarind tree have a right to space and.. Way in restoring confidence in wild and semi-wild foods including T. indica in groves... Related plants that are thorny ( except for rose ) should never be kept in study...