Our goal with this survey is to provide a foundation on which continued technological advancements can be made to promote further explorations of protein glycosylation. A. Inverting family GH156 sialidases define an unusual catalytic motif for glycosidase action. View details for Web of Science ID 000301161600025, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3306817. Chemical syntheses of uniform glycoproteins and polymeric glycoprotein mimics have facilitated the study of individual glycoconjugates in the absence of glycan microheterogeneity. VDAC2(-/-) cells resist the mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis caused by global O-GlcNAc perturbation, demonstrating afunctional connection between O-GlcNAc signaling and mitochondrial physiology through VDAC2. However, inside infected macrophages, bacteria encounter an environment which differs substantially from broth culture and are subject to important host-dependent pharmacokinetic phenomena which modulate drug activity. Cell surface glycans govern numerous cell-cell interactions are therefore key determinants of multicellular biology. Mice were administered peracetylated N-azidoacetylmannosamine (Ac(4)ManNAz) to metabolically label cell-surface sialic acids with azides. The omega-alkynyl-myristate and -palmitate analogs used with click chemistry and azido-probes will be invaluable to study protein acylation in vitro, in cells, and in vivo. [27], Bertozzi also previously served on the research advisory board of several pharmaceutical companies including GlaxoSmithKline, and until recently Eli Lilly.[48]. Metastasis depends upon cancer cell growth and survival within the metastatic niche. Blocking PIKfyve activity by small molecule inhibitors caused a delay in the conversion of phagosomes into lysosomes and in phagosomal acidification, whereas production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased. Harland, C. W., Rabuka, D., Bertozzi, C. R., Parthasarathy, R. Rv2131c from Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a CysQ 3 '-phosphoadenosine-5 '-phosphatase. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In this report, we screened FGEs from M. tuberculosis and S. coelicolor against synthetic peptide libraries and identified new substrate sequences that diverge from the canonical motif. However, a direct role for SL-1 in M. tuberculosis virulence has not been established. Genome-wide CRISPR screens reveal a specific ligand for the glycan-binding immune checkpoint receptor Siglec-7. Utilizing a series of random peptide and glycopeptide substrates, we have obtained the peptide and glycopeptide specificities of ppGalNAc T10 for comparison with ppGalNAc T1 and T2. The azide was detected and quantified by Staudinger ligation with a phosphine probe in a microtiter plate format. The purified enzyme catalyzed the sequential esterification of trehalose with two palmitoyl groups, generating a diacylated product similar to the 2,3-diacyltrehalose glycolipids of M. tuberculosis. This position statement originated from a working group meeting convened on April 15, 2015, by the NHLBI and incorporates follow-up contributions by the participants as well as other thought leaders subsequently consulted, who together represent research fields relevant to all branches of the NIH. These improvements represent a lowering of the limit of detection in the RASC-2 platform to 0.9 Mtb bacilli per 100L of exhaled air from 3.3 Mtb bacilli per 100L (RASC-1).This study demonstrates that technical improvements in particle collection together with sensitive detection enable rapid quantitation of viable Mtb in bioaerosols of sputum positive TB cases. Our approach validates the use of the applied metabolic strategy to identify important functions of GalNAc-Ts in normal and pathological conditions. View details for DOI 10.1146/annurev.biochem.71.110601.135334, View details for Web of Science ID 000177352600021. Key advantages of DNA-directed cell binding include the ability to immobilize both adherent and non-adherent cells, to capture cells selectively from a mixed population, to tune the binding properties of the cells, and to reuse substrates prepared with widely available DNA printing technologies. This technique causes no discernible membrane or cell damage, and can deliver a discrete number of molecules to the cell's interior without the requirement of a carrier solvent. To address this shortcoming, we have developed a robust, high-throughput compatible, click chemistry-based approach to identify small molecules that interfere with the palmitoylation of Ras, a high value therapeutic target that is mutated in up to a third of human cancers. These receptors have attracted great attention in recent years due to their participation in a number of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. We previously described a chemical method to image glycans during zebrafish larval development; however, we were unable to detect glycans during the first 24 hours of embryogenesis, a very dynamic period in development. The use of unnatural protein-glycan linkages bearing structural similarity to their native counterparts can accelerate the synthesis of glycoengineered proteins. Here, we report the identification of the SMK biosynthetic operon that, in addition to a previously identified sulfotransferase stf3, includes a putative cytochrome P450 gene (cyp128) and a gene of unknown function, rv2269c. [reaction: see text], View details for Web of Science ID 000174997600030. ADAP's combination of simplicity, sensitivity, broad dynamic range, multiplexability, and use of standard PCR protocols creates new opportunities for the discovery and detection of antibody biomarkers. View details for Web of Science ID 000168383900005. Mutation of the N610 site prevented membrane-proximal N-glycosylation of CSF3R, which then drove ligand-independent cellular expansion. Erik Gregersen is a senior editor at Encyclopaedia Britannica, specializing in the physical sciences and technology. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.02.023, View details for Web of Science ID 000220502900010. As a proof-of-concept, we have used SETDB1 to transfer the alkyne moiety from the SAM analogue onto a recombinant histone H3 substrate. The mutant and wild-type Mtb replicated similarly during the acute phase of infection, but the mutant showed reduced viability during the persistent phase of the infection. The inhibitory activity of 1-68A and a panel of synthetic analogues identified moieties necessary for inhibition. [20][21], After graduating from Berkeley with a Ph.D., Bertozzi was a postdoctoral fellow at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) with Steven Rosen, where she studied the activity of endothelial oligosaccharides in promoting cell adhesion at inflammation sites. 1-68A and a 2-dehydroxy analogue, 1-68Aa, inhibit several purified LpxC orthologues. We postulate that covalent modification and perhaps inhibition of various mitochondrial enzymes by palmitoyl-CoA could lead to the metabolic impairments found in obesity-related diseases. Cell surface carbohydrates mediate interactions between the cell and its environment. She coined the term "bioorthogonal chemistry" for chemical reactions compatible with living systems. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.048, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4715264. Through rational design, we redirected a microbial lipoic acid ligase (LplA) to specifically attach an alkyl azide onto an engineered LplA acceptor peptide (LAP). View details for DOI 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.07.009, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4567249, View details for DOI 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00245, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4827477. CalFluors: A Universal Motif for Fluorogenic Azide Probes across the Visible Spectrum. Additionally, we have utilized computational methods to understand the unique properties of these fully conjugated macrocycles. The unnatural variant comprises approximately 90% of cell surface sialosides when exogenous substrates are added to the media at micromolar concentrations, despite the availability of natural sialic acid in the growth media. Laureates [3] [ edit] Laureates per country [ edit] This Cu-free click reaction possesses comparable kinetics to the Cu-catalyzed reaction and proceeds within minutes on live cells with no apparent toxicity. We refer to these fascinating structures as "carbon nanohoops" due to their structural similarity to carbon nanotubes. Molecules terminated with Texas Red lie flat at the membrane (height, 0 +/- 2 nm), implying that interactions between Texas Red and the bilayer dominate the polymers' free energy. Given the abilities of mycobacteria to survive desiccation and trehalose in solution to protect biomolecules and whole organisms during freezing, drying, and other stresses, we hypothesized that TDM alone may suffice to confer dehydration resistance to the membranes of which it is a constituent. View details for Web of Science ID 000077466300003, View details for Web of Science ID 000077383600001. Diptericin increased the permeability of the outer and inner membranes of Escherichia coli D22 cells, suggesting possible mechanisms of action. Here, we discovered that osmotic stress stimulates a signaling network in Mycobacterium tuberculosis regulated by the eukaryotic-like receptor Ser/Thr protein kinase PknD. Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces numerous exotic lipids that have been implicated as virulence determinants. We report that such ligands can be obscured by the glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins that coat pathogenic as well as malignant phagocytic targets. Intact glycopeptides are recovered by cleavage of the probe, analyzed with directed MS, and assigned by targeted mass-independent data analysis. A diacylated intermediate in SL-1 biosynthesis, SL(1278), has been shown to activate the adaptive immune response in human patients. Dai, T. n., Xie, J. n., Zhu, Q. n., Kamariza, M. n., Jiang, K. n., Bertozzi, C. R., Rao, J. n. Optimal Dissociation Methods Differ for N- and O-glycopeptides. A key tool we developed for this study is a cell-permeable, small molecule inhibitor of GlcNAc 2-epimerase designed based on mechanistic principles. These anchor analogues were similar in length to native GPI anchors and included mimics of the native structure's three domains. However, its superior polarity and water solubility reduced nonspecific binding, thereby improving the sensitivity of azide detection. Classic methods for monitoring glycans rely on molecular recognition with probe-bearing lectins or antibodies, but these techniques are not well suited to in vivo imaging. The results support the hypothesis of a two-step mechanism in which the sulfonucleotide first undergoes rapid nucleophilic attack to form an enzyme-thiosulfonate (E-Cys-S-SO(3-)) intermediate. The cell-surface repertoire can be expanded to include abiotic functionality through the biosynthetic introduction of unnatural sugars into cellular glycans, a process termed metabolic oligosaccharide engineering. Bertozzi is a professor Type I sulfatases require an unusual co- or post-translational modification for their activity in hydrolyzing sulfate esters. Bruehl, R. E., Dasgupta, F., Katsumoto, T. R., Tan, J. H., Bertozzi, C. R., Spevak, W., Ahn, D. J., ROSEN, S. D., Nagy, J. O. Biosynthesis of L-selectin ligands: Sulfation of sialyl Lewis x-related oligosaccharides by a family of GlcNAc-6-sulfotransferases. Dr. Bertozzi completed her undergraduate degree in Chemistry at Harvard University and her Ph.D. at UC Berkeley, focusing on the chemical synthesis of oligosaccharide analogs. During postdoctoral work at UC San Francisco, she studied the activity of endothelial oligosaccharides in promoting cell adhesion at sites of inflammation. Directed evolution was used to improve the activity of JamB, a membrane-bound bifunctional desaturase/acetylenase. Siegrist, M. S., Whiteside, S., Jewett, J. C., Aditham, A., Cava, F., Bertozzi, C. R. Strategy for Dual-Analyte Luciferin Imaging: In Vivo Bioluminescence Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide and Caspase Activity in a Murine Model of Acute Inflammation. A microtiter plate assay for UDP-galactopyranose mutase, an essential cell wall biosynthetic enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, was developed. Scherman, M. S., Winans, K. A., Stern, R. J., Jones, V., Bertozzi, C. R., McNeil, M. R. Preparation of pHEMA-CP composites with high interfacial adhesion via template-driven mineralization, Characterization and mutagenesis of Gal/GlcNAc-6-O-sulfotransferases. This bifunctional microelectrode array is demonstrated for the pH monitoring and differentiation of primary T cells and Jurkat T lymphoma cells. View details for DOI 10.1021/jacs.8b03074, View details for Web of Science ID 000435525500001, View details for DOI 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01117, View details for Web of Science ID 000433326300001. However, the mechanisms of impaired microglial homeostatic function and the cognitive effects of restoring this function remain unknown. General overview of non-natural amino acid incorporation into a protein.a) Difference between normal translation (1), translation in the absence of nnAA (2) and when nnAA is supplied (3).b) The orthogonal tRNA can only work with the orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA (aaRS) synthetase and the engineered tRNA with the engineered aaRS. Traditional spectrophotometric assays are not applicable to the NodST system since no shift in absorption accompanies sulfuryl group transfer. A picture emerges of lectin function that is highly sensitive to its organization, which in turn drastically shapes immunity and cancer progression. View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.0611649104, View details for Web of Science ID 000247900000020, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2040880. View details for Web of Science ID 000224032900044. Technologies for introducing molecules into living cells are vital for probing the physical properties and biochemical interactions that govern the cell's behavior. View details for Web of Science ID 000180713000046. The ability to chemoselectively monitor H(2)O(2) fluxes in real time in living animals offers opportunities to dissect H(2)O(2)'s disparate contributions to health, aging, and disease. The synthetic trehalose glycolipids protected supported monolayers of phospholipids against dehydration even as minority components of the overall membrane, down to as little as 20 mol % trehalose glycolipid as assessed by assays of membrane fluidity. A general method is described to sequester peptides containing azides from complex peptide mixtures, aimed at facilitating mass spectrometric analysis to study different aspects of proteome dynamics. Small molecule inhibitors of carbohydrate biosynthetic and processing enzymes can block the assembly of specific oligosaccharide structures. However, current data suggest that glycosylated mucin domains are created by the successive, often hierarchical, action of several specific ppGalNAcTs. The mobility of CD45 increased markedly upon engagement of Fc receptors. Sulfotransferases catalyze the transfer of a sulfuryl group from the eukaryotic sulfate donor 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to an acceptor biomolecule. A., Bertozzi, C. R. Cell type-selective secretome profiling in vivo. Chemical tools have accelerated progress in glycoscience, reducing experimental barriers to studying protein glycosylation, the most widespread and complex form of posttranslational modification. N-Carboxyanhydride Polymerization of Glycopolypeptides That Activate Antigen-Presenting Cells through Dectin-1 and Dectin-2. Similarly, the ability to perceive the spatial organization of glycans could transform our understanding of their role in development, infection, and disease progression. Herein we report a semisynthetic method of producing membrane-anchored proteins. View details for DOI 10.1074/jbc.M313103200, View details for Web of Science ID 000222445300003. Keyser, S., Utz, A., Kamariza, M., Bertozzi, C. Chemical Modulation of Protein O-GlcNAcylation via OGT Inhibition Promotes Human Neural Cell Differentiation. The sulfur assimilation pathway is a key metabolic system in prokaryotes that is required for production of cysteine and cofactors such as coenzyme A. The results address the mechanism by which sulfonucleotide reductases protect the covalent but labile enzyme-intermediate before release of sulfite by the protein cofactor thioredoxin. Their involvement in inflammatory disease makes the selectins attractive targets for anti-inflammatory therapy. This strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition is often referred to as "Cu-free click chemistry". Thus, BARAC is a promising reagent for in vivo imaging. Protein-based assemblies with ordered nanometer-scale features in three dimensions are of interest as functional nanomaterials but are difficult to generate. Portraits of the 2022 Nobel laureates in Chemistry Carolyn R. Bertozzi (L), Morten Meldal (C) and K. Barry Sharpless are seen on a screen during the prize announcement in Stockholm, Sweden, Oct. 5, 2022. filexlib. Bertozzi completed her undergraduate degree in Chemistry at Harvard University and her Ph.D. at UC Berkeley, focusing on the chemical synthesis of oligosaccharide analogs. She also held an appointment as a professor of molecular and cellular pharmacology from 2000 to 2002 at the University of California, San Francisco. However, the complexities of glycan biosynthesis prevent the installation of nonnatural moieties at defined, predictable locations within glycoproteins at high levels of incorporation. Glycosylation is a prevalent, yet heterogeneous modification with a broad range of implications in molecular biology. CholA-anchored glycopolymers therefore expand the application of glycocalyx engineering in glycobiology. WebIn the early 1990s, Carolyn Bertozzi began mapping a glycan that attracts immune cells to lymph nodes. View details for DOI 10.1021/acschembio.7b00232, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5850955. Using a multicolor, time-resolved imaging strategy, we found that the distribution and dynamics of the glycans varied anatomically and with respect to developmental stage. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.050, View details for Web of Science ID 000385905800005, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5052108. These results shed light on the physical barriers that modulate phagocytosis, which have been heretofore underappreciated. Here we report the facile synthesis of a difluorobenzocyclooctyne (DIFBO) that combines these modifications. New therapies are therefore needed to treat diseases caused by these organisms, and a better understanding of the mechanisms of envelope assembly should aid in their discovery. View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0242049. View details for DOI 10.1038/s41586-019-1088-4, View details for Web of Science ID 000464412700039, View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1813020116, View details for Web of Science ID 000463936900024. Barnes, J., Kaushik, S., Bainer, R. O., Sa, J. K., Woods, E. C., Kai, F., Przybyla, L., Lee, M., Lee, H., Tung, J. C., Maller, O., Barrett, A. S., Lu, K. V., Lakins, J. N., Hansen, K. C., Obernier, K., Alvarez-Buylla, A., Bergers, G., Phillips, J. J., Nam, D., Bertozzi, C. R., Weaver, V. M. Glycosyltransferase bump-hole engineering to dissect mucin-type O-glycosylation in the living cell. Yap, M. C., Kostiuk, M. A., Martin, D. D., Perinpanayagam, M. A., Hak, P. G., Siddam, A., Majjigapu, J. R., Rajaiah, G., Keller, B. O., Prescher, J. We demonstrated that the kinetic parameters of the assembly process depend on DNA sequence complexity, density, and total cell concentration. Herein we present a method for labeling mucin-type O-linked glycoproteins with a unique chemical tag, the azide, which permits their selective covalent modification from complex cell lysates. Paulick, M. G., Wise, A. R., Forstner, M. B., Groves, J. T., Bertozzi, C. R. A high-throughput assay for O-GlcNAc transferase detects primary sequence preferences in peptide substrates, Imaging cell surface glycans with bioorthogonal chemical reporters. View details for DOI 10.1002/cbic.200600224, View details for Web of Science ID 000241392400005. A mathematical model was developed and tested experimentally to evaluate the prospects of using cell surface ketones as targets for covalent small-molecule drug delivery. She has been awarded the Lemelson-MIT Prize, the Heinrich Wieland Prize, and a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship, among many others. Detection of metabolites and post-translational modifications can be achieved using the azide as a bioorthogonal chemical reporter. Advances in cellular imaging and in small molecule-controlled gene expression, signal transduction and cell surface modification are discussed in this review. However, the Staudinger ligation has some liabilities, such as the propensity of phosphine reagents to undergo air oxidation and the relatively slow kinetics of the reaction. Chen, X., Kis, A., Zettl, A., Bertozzi, C. R. Hierarchical assembly of model cell surfaces: Synthesis of mucin mimetic polymers and their display on supported bilayers. There is urgent need for new therapeutic targets and a better understanding of EOC initiation and progression. A., Cox, J. S., Bertozzi, C. R. Introducing genetically encoded aldehydes into proteins. Both mutant synthetases label human, hamster, and mouse cell line proteins and selectively activate their azido-bearing amino acids over 10-fold above the canonical. These alkenyl compounds arise from a hydrogen transfer reaction from solvent to the unisolable intermediate, and we postulate that the reaction proceeds via a radical mechanism originating from the strained alkynyl bond that has unusually high radical character. Professor Carolyn Bertozzi's research interests span the disciplines of chemistry and biology with an emphasis on studies of cell surface sugars important to human health and disease. The dependence of the desiccation protection on the synthetic trehalose glycolipid fraction is nearly identical to that of TDM. Dehnert, K. W., Beahm, B. J., Huynh, T. T., Baskin, J. M., Laughlin, S. T., Wang, W., Wu, P., Amacher, S. L., Bertozzi, C. R. Metabolic cross-talk allows labeling of O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine-modified proteins via the N-acetylgalactosamine salvage pathway. This technique, which is described in detail, provides a direct measurement of the energy that is released nonradiatively following photostimulation, and can therefore be used to indirectly determine the amount of energy released via luminescent pathways. Activation of SFKs requires depletion of tyrosine phosphatases from the area of particle engagement. A computational model predicted that these glycoproteins would influence transmembrane receptor spatial organization and function. Mukkamala, R., Kushner, A. M., Bertozzi, C. R. Constructing azide-labeled cell surfaces using polysaccharide biosynthetic pathways. The ketone undergoes highly selective condensation reactions with complementary nucleophiles such as aminooxy and hydrazide groups. View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0238193, View details for DOI 10.1038/s41593-020-0682-y. Here we demonstrate that cell surfaces can be engineered to display synthetic bioactive polymers at defined densities by exogenous membrane insertion. View details for Web of Science ID 000280086800002, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2907715, View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.04.067, View details for Web of Science ID 000279368000001. Dissecting complex cellular processes requires the ability to track biomolecules as they function within their native habitat. [87] She has two sisters, one of whom, Andrea Bertozzi, is on the mathematics faculty at the University of California, Los Angeles. We identify and characterize C18ORF8/RMC1 as a regulator of ADC toxicity through its role in endosomal maturation. Bruehl, R. E., Bertozzi, C. R., ROSEN, S. D. Biosynthetic incorporation of unnatural sialic acids into polysialic acid on neural cells, Differential carbohydrate recognition of two GlcNAc-6-sulfotransferases with possible roles in L-selectin ligand biosynthesis. Agard, N. J., Baskin, J. M., Prescher, J. We recently introduced a method termed isotope-targeted glycoproteomics (IsoTaG), which utilizes isotope recoding to characterize azidosugar-labeled glycopeptides bearing fully intact glycans. This strategy will prove useful for both the identification of O-GlcNAc-modified proteins and the elucidation of the specific residues that bear this saccharide. Here, we demonstrate that, relative to wild-type controls, ST8Sia IV(-/-) mice have a 30% reduction in total thymocytes and a concomitant deficiency in the earliest thymocyte precursors. Likewise, branching from the linear chain reduced metabolic conversion. Antibodies are widely used biomarkers for the diagnosis of many diseases. View details for DOI 10.1126/science.1155106, View details for Web of Science ID 000255454300046. Glycans can be imaged by metabolic labeling with azidosugars followed by chemical reaction with imaging probes; however, tissue-specific labeling is difficult to achieve. Subcellular Partitioning and Intramacrophage Selectivity of Antimicrobial Compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Research into protein glycosylation, therefore, has benefited from homogeneous, structurally-defined glycoproteins obtained by chemical synthesis. These data complete the SL-1 biosynthetic pathway and corroborate a model in which lipid biosynthesis and transmembrane transport are coupled at the membrane-cytosol interface through the activity of multiple proteins, possibly as a macromolecular complex. View details for Web of Science ID 000173078400005. The synthesis of these trehalose analogs sets the stage for future biochemical and NMR-based studies to probe the substrate interactions of trehalose with the recently identified mycobacterial sulfotransferase Stf0. Their reactive carbonyl groups are typically conjugated with -effect nucleophiles, such as substituted hydrazines and alkoxyamines, to generate hydrazones and oximes, respectively. Two approaches that emphasize developing selective methods to dissect, modify, and control receptor-ligand interactions at the cellular interface are discussed. Bowman, K. G., Cook, B. N., de Graffenried, C. L., Bertozzi, C. R. The evolving academic research environment, Chemical synthesis of lymphotactin: A glycosylated chemokine with a C-terminal mucin-like domain. Gain- and loss-of-function studies implicated integrin mechanosignalling as an inducer of GBM growth, survival, invasion and treatment resistance, and a mesenchymal, stem-like phenotype. The Staudinger ligation is based on the classic Staudinger reduction of azides with triarylphosphines first reported in 1919. Treatment of cells with the compounds abrogated mucin-type O-linked glycosylation but not N-linked glycosylation and also induced apoptosis. All mucin-associated [(35)S]sulfate was incorporated as GlcNAc-6-sulfate or Galbeta1-->4GlcNAc-6-sulfate. O-Linked -N-acetylgalactosamine (O-GalNAc) glycans constitute a major part of the human glycome. Grunwell, J. R., Rath, V. L., Rasmussen, J., Cabrilo, Z., Bertozzi, C. R. Discovery of sulfated metabolites in mycobacteria with a genetic and mass spectrometric approach. View details for Web of Science ID 000268395000075, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2716393. Myoblast cells were patterned with high efficiency and remained undifferentiated after surface attachment. Enzymes can block the assembly process depend on DNA sequence complexity, density, and control receptor-ligand interactions the! The eukaryotic-like receptor carolyn bertozzi biography protein kinase PknD a 2-dehydroxy analogue, 1-68Aa, inhibit purified! Report the facile synthesis of a sulfuryl group transfer suggesting possible mechanisms of impaired microglial homeostatic function the... Assemblies with ordered nanometer-scale features in three dimensions are of interest as nanomaterials... Microelectrode array is demonstrated for the glycan-binding immune checkpoint receptor Siglec-7 CD45 increased markedly upon engagement of receptors! Incorporated as GlcNAc-6-sulfate or Galbeta1 -- > 4GlcNAc-6-sulfate vivo imaging the applied metabolic strategy identify. 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